Regression Analyses

In this document, I will set up, run, and examine several multiple regression models. In general, the models aim to investigate the relationhips between broadband and entrepreneurship. Specifically, how broadband influences entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the models will explore how different measures of broadband, specifically measures of availability and adoption, explain entrepreneurial activities differently. Finally, I will explore how broadband as well as entrepreneurial factors contribute to the overall prosperity.

## Load packages
library(tidyverse)
library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)
#install.packages("stargazer", dependencies = T)    # A package for better looking tables for results
library(stargazer)

## Read in dataset
tx_bb_entrepreneur_merged_v2 <- read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jwroycechoi/broadband-entrepreneurship/master/Datasets/Broadband-Entrepreneurship-TX-merged_v2.csv")

tx_bb_entrepreneur_merged_v2 <- tx_bb_entrepreneur_merged_v2 %>% 
  mutate(chg_pct_50_est_cbp_2012_2018 = pct_50_est_cbp_2018 - pct_50_est_cbp_2012,
         chg_pct_10_est_cbp_2012_2018 = pct_10_est_cbp_2018 - pct_10_est_cbp_2012,
         chgn_nonemp_2012_2018 = neest_nemp_2018 - neest_nemp_2012)

Broadband and Entrepreneurship

First, let’s take another look at some of the key variables.

Entrepreneurship

IRR2010: Rural index (larger = rural)
pct_change_pro_emp_2010_2017: Change in % of sole proprietors b/w 2010-2017
chg_pct_10_est_cbp_2012_2018: Change in % of establishments with less than 10 employees b/w 2012-2017
chg_pct_nonfarmneest_nemp_2012_2018: Change in % of nonfarm nonemployer b/w 2012-2018
chgn_nonemp_2012_2018: Change in nonemployer establishments b/w 2012-2018
pct_chg_bea_2012_2018: Change in % of nonfarm proprietors b/w 2012-2018
venturedensity_mean: Venture density
highlyactivevd_mean: Highly active venture density

Broadband

pct_broadband_FCC: FCC broadband availability in % (2017)
pct_broadband_MS: MS broadband availability in % (2019)
pct_fixed_acs_2018: ACS broadband subscription in $ (2018)
pct_broadband_mlab: M-Lab broadband measure (2019)

Broadband’s Effect on Entrepreneurial Outcome

Here I investigate models that estimate broadband variables’ effect on the entrepreneurial outcome. Several different broadband measures are in the dataset. I will first model each measure’s relationship with the entrepreneurial outcome separately.

Entrepreneurial outcomes can be represented by several variables in this dataset. As the ASU research team’s white paper argued, the venture density provided by GoDaddy activities reflects actual entrepreneurial activities in the form of online domain creation. In the dataset, we also have Texas state’s sole proprietor statistics. These variables reflect small and medium sized businesses in each county.

Control Variables

For control variables, various demographic measures derived from the ACS estimates are available in the dataset. Furthermore, the ruralithy of the counties are reflected in the IRR index. Number of population, and regional intustry characteristics will be also included as control variables.

Change in Nonfarm Proprietors Share

DV: Change in Nonfarm Proprietor Share (2012-2018)
IV: FCC Broadband availability, MS Broadband, ACS Broadband Subscription, M-Lab Broadband Usage
Control: Rurality, Industry structure, Education, Age

**Change in Nonfarm Proprietors Share Regression Results**

	Dependent variable:

	Change in Nonfarm Proprietors Share
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

FCC Broadband Availability	-0.010	-0.006	-0.004	-0.012
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.007)
MS Broadband		-0.032^*	-0.018	-0.009
		(0.019)	(0.021)	(0.024)
ACS Broadband Sub			-0.0004^*	-0.001^**
			(0.0002)	(0.0002)
M-Lab Broadband				0.023
				(0.021)
Rurality Index (2010)	-0.049	-0.063	-0.064	-0.090^**
	(0.039)	(0.040)	(0.039)	(0.039)
Agriculture	0.0002	0.0002	0.0004	0.0002
	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0004)
Construction	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Wholesale	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Retail	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Transportation	-0.001^*	-0.002^*	-0.001^*	-0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
IT	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	0.0001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Finance	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.002
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Professional	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Education	-0.0002	-0.0003	-0.0002	-0.0005
	(0.0005)	(0.0005)	(0.0005)	(0.0005)
Other occupation	0.00004	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Public	0.001	0.001	0.001^*	0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Highschool	0.0003	0.0003	0.0005	0.0003
	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
College	0.0002	0.001	0.001^*	0.001
	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0004)
Millenials	-0.0003	-0.0004	-0.0004	-0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
GenX	0.002^*	0.002^*	0.001	0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Babyboomer	0.0001	-0.0003	-0.001	-0.0003
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Constant	0.007	0.021	0.027	0.067
	(0.054)	(0.055)	(0.054)	(0.054)

Observations	227	227	227	219
R²	0.107	0.119	0.132	0.135
Adjusted R²	0.030	0.039	0.047	0.043
Residual Std. Error	0.025 (df = 208)	0.024 (df = 207)	0.024 (df = 206)	0.023 (df = 197)
F Statistic	1.388 (df = 18; 208)	1.477^* (df = 19; 207)	1.561^* (df = 20; 206)	1.461^* (df = 21; 197)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01

Change in Establishment with <10 Employees (2012-2018)

DV: Change in Establishment with <10 Employees (2012-2018)
IV: FCC Broadband availability, MS Broadband, ACS Broadband Subscription, M-Lab Broadband Usage
Control: Rurality, Industry structure, Education, Age

**Change in Establishment <10 Regression Results**

	Dependent variable:

	Change in Establishment <10 Share
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

FCC Broadband Availability	0.017	0.005	0.008	0.011
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.016)
MS Broadband		0.096^**	0.134^***	0.114^**
		(0.044)	(0.048)	(0.050)
ACS Broadband Sub			-0.001^*	-0.0005
			(0.001)	(0.001)
M-Lab Broadband				0.003
				(0.044)
Rurality Index (2010)	-0.239^***	-0.196^**	-0.198^**	-0.223^***
	(0.090)	(0.091)	(0.090)	(0.080)
Agriculture	-0.002^*	-0.002^*	-0.001	-0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Construction	-0.002	-0.002	-0.002	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Wholesale	-0.006	-0.006	-0.005	-0.003
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)
Retail	-0.002	-0.002	-0.002	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Transportation	-0.003	-0.003	-0.002	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
IT	0.004	0.004	0.003	-0.011^**
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Finance	-0.0003	-0.001	-0.001	-0.003
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Professional	-0.006^**	-0.007^***	-0.007^***	-0.005^**
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Education	-0.002	-0.001	-0.001	0.0004
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Other occupation	-0.003	-0.003	-0.003	-0.004^*
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Public	-0.003	-0.003^*	-0.003^*	-0.003^*
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Highschool	0.0005	0.0005	0.001	0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
College	-0.003^***	-0.004^***	-0.003^***	-0.003^***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Millenials	-0.001	-0.0002	-0.0004	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)
GenX	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.003
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Babyboomer	-0.007^***	-0.006^***	-0.007^***	-0.006^***
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Constant	-0.060	-0.104	-0.088	-0.139
	(0.125)	(0.126)	(0.125)	(0.112)

Observations	227	227	227	219
R²	0.420	0.434	0.444	0.496
Adjusted R²	0.370	0.382	0.390	0.442
Residual Std. Error	0.057 (df = 208)	0.056 (df = 207)	0.056 (df = 206)	0.048 (df = 197)
F Statistic	8.383^*** (df = 18; 208)	8.338^*** (df = 19; 207)	8.217^*** (df = 20; 206)	9.231^*** (df = 21; 197)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01

Change in Nonfarm Nonemployers Share (2012-2018)

DV: Change in Nonfarm Nonemployers Share (2012-2018)
IV: FCC Broadband availability, MS Broadband, ACS Broadband Subscription, M-Lab Broadband Usage
Control: Rurality, Industry structure, Education, Age

**Change in Nonfarm Nonemployers Share Regression Results**

	Dependent variable:

	Change in Nonfarm Nonemployers Share
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

FCC Broadband Availability	-0.001	0.006	0.009	-0.005
	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.026)
MS Broadband		-0.058	-0.031	-0.007
		(0.065)	(0.072)	(0.085)
ACS Broadband Sub			-0.001	-0.001
			(0.001)	(0.001)
M-Lab Broadband				0.067
				(0.074)
Rurality Index (2010)	0.010	-0.016	-0.018	-0.064
	(0.132)	(0.135)	(0.136)	(0.136)
Agriculture	0.003^**	0.003^**	0.003^**	0.003^*
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Construction	-0.002	-0.002	-0.001	-0.001
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Wholesale	-0.004	-0.004	-0.004	-0.004
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Retail	-0.002	-0.002	-0.002	-0.0003
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Transportation	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.004
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
IT	-0.002	-0.002	-0.002	-0.004
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)
Finance	0.007^*	0.007^*	0.008^*	0.002
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Professional	0.007^*	0.007^**	0.007^**	0.009^**
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Education	0.00001	-0.0001	-0.00001	-0.0001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Other occupation	-0.004	-0.004	-0.004	-0.003
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Public	0.009^***	0.009^***	0.009^***	0.008^***
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)
Highschool	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
College	0.0001	0.001	0.001	0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Millenials	-0.002	-0.002	-0.002	-0.002
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
GenX	-0.006^**	-0.006^**	-0.006^**	-0.007^**
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Babyboomer	0.001	0.001	0.0001	0.001
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Constant	0.190	0.216	0.227	0.291
	(0.184)	(0.187)	(0.187)	(0.190)

Observations	227	227	227	219
R²	0.188	0.191	0.194	0.169
Adjusted R²	0.117	0.117	0.116	0.080
Residual Std. Error	0.083 (df = 208)	0.084 (df = 207)	0.084 (df = 206)	0.081 (df = 197)
F Statistic	2.670^*** (df = 18; 208)	2.569^*** (df = 19; 207)	2.482^*** (df = 20; 206)	1.906^** (df = 21; 197)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01

Change in Nonemployer Establishments (2012-2018)

DV: Change in Nonemployer Establishments (2012-2018)
IV: FCC Broadband availability, MS Broadband, ACS Broadband Subscription, M-Lab Broadband Usage
Control: Rurality, Industry structure, Education, Age

**Change in Nonemployer Regression Results**

	Dependent variable:

	Change in Nonemployer
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

FCC Broadband Availability	-2,532.300	-1,059.781	-1,187.716	-1,390.625
	(1,619.243)	(1,685.519)	(1,698.310)	(1,778.215)
MS Broadband		-11,496.570^***	-12,772.010^***	-10,641.210^*
		(4,249.974)	(4,655.000)	(5,760.187)
ACS Broadband Sub			37.112	32.982
			(54.896)	(58.221)
M-Lab Broadband				-1,378.538
				(5,002.830)
Rurality Index (2010)	-96,331.090^***	-101,549.500^***	-101,462.100^***	-105,165.200^***
	(8,715.147)	(8,799.793)	(8,812.306)	(9,196.519)
Agriculture	378.126^***	370.795^***	353.247^***	358.883^***
	(88.300)	(87.031)	(90.929)	(94.413)
Construction	-5.043	0.110	-8.766	-67.160
	(165.754)	(163.304)	(164.044)	(175.724)
Wholesale	2.691	24.823	14.478	-45.012
	(379.662)	(374.114)	(374.918)	(391.769)
Retail	-79.009	-60.172	-55.520	-83.432
	(176.757)	(174.271)	(174.636)	(183.296)
Transportation	263.741	240.414	228.100	200.238
	(183.698)	(181.175)	(182.326)	(191.532)
IT	-517.320	-450.703	-441.042	-169.890
	(511.849)	(504.849)	(505.715)	(575.463)
Finance	480.874^*	579.345^**	557.830^**	367.006
	(262.130)	(260.791)	(263.066)	(335.047)
Professional	-27.900	107.211	119.517	98.143
	(233.730)	(235.614)	(236.625)	(247.389)
Education	-121.620	-150.617	-156.442	-147.763
	(107.447)	(106.393)	(106.880)	(114.610)
Other occupation	4.186	10.844	0.522	-26.932
	(248.465)	(244.788)	(245.585)	(251.468)
Public	349.047^**	393.449^**	382.408^**	345.998^**
	(161.126)	(159.580)	(160.622)	(170.355)
Highschool	-254.215^***	-253.966^***	-267.388^***	-288.404^***
	(73.412)	(72.321)	(75.089)	(78.830)
College	332.859^***	434.687^***	415.690^***	384.983^***
	(80.936)	(88.173)	(92.653)	(96.181)
Millenials	-1.439	-39.090	-32.401	-31.920
	(161.480)	(159.690)	(160.205)	(164.614)
GenX	82.682	56.933	69.331	168.874
	(194.744)	(192.088)	(193.213)	(225.106)
Babyboomer	441.350^**	327.656^*	357.777^*	416.139^**
	(177.473)	(179.819)	(185.485)	(194.470)
Constant	51,283.610^***	56,521.440^***	55,996.530^***	58,395.000^***
	(12,165.450)	(12,140.210)	(12,180.930)	(12,816.760)

Observations	227	227	227	219
R²	0.617	0.630	0.631	0.639
Adjusted R²	0.584	0.596	0.595	0.601
Residual Std. Error	5,508.486 (df = 208)	5,426.691 (df = 207)	5,433.822 (df = 206)	5,489.819 (df = 197)
F Statistic	18.643^*** (df = 18; 208)	18.583^*** (df = 19; 207)	17.631^*** (df = 20; 206)	16.617^*** (df = 21; 197)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01

Venture Density

DV: Venture Density
IV: FCC Broadband availability, MS Broadband, ACS Broadband Subscription, M-Lab Broadband Usage
Control: Rurality, Industry structure, Education, Age

**Venture Density Regression Results**

	Dependent variable:

	Venture Density
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

FCC Broadband Availability	0.169	-0.054	-0.071	-0.098
	(0.356)	(0.374)	(0.377)	(0.379)
MS Broadband		1.765^*	1.597	2.222^*
		(0.949)	(1.042)	(1.249)
ACS Broadband Sub			0.005	0.002
			(0.012)	(0.012)
M-Lab Broadband				-0.955
				(1.075)
Rurality Index (2010)	-0.897	-0.114	-0.096	-0.035
	(1.926)	(1.961)	(1.965)	(1.973)
Agriculture	-0.001	0.001	-0.002	-0.004
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Construction	0.063^*	0.062	0.061	0.090^**
	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.039)
Wholesale	-0.010	-0.013	-0.014	0.033
	(0.084)	(0.083)	(0.083)	(0.084)
Retail	0.068^*	0.066^*	0.066^*	0.054
	(0.039)	(0.039)	(0.039)	(0.039)
Transportation	0.030	0.034	0.032	0.021
	(0.041)	(0.040)	(0.041)	(0.041)
IT	0.142	0.133	0.134	0.216^*
	(0.113)	(0.113)	(0.113)	(0.123)
Finance	0.077	0.060	0.057	-0.012
	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.059)	(0.072)
Professional	0.120^**	0.098^*	0.100^*	0.103^*
	(0.051)	(0.052)	(0.053)	(0.053)
Education	-0.039	-0.035	-0.035	-0.030
	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)
Other occupation	-0.030	-0.030	-0.031	-0.022
	(0.056)	(0.055)	(0.056)	(0.055)
Public	-0.007	-0.014	-0.015	0.002
	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.036)	(0.036)
Highschool	-0.031^*	-0.031^*	-0.033^**	-0.025
	(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.017)	(0.017)
College	0.158^***	0.143^***	0.140^***	0.144^***
	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Millenials	0.028	0.034	0.035	0.019
	(0.036)	(0.036)	(0.036)	(0.035)
GenX	0.162^***	0.166^***	0.167^***	0.158^***
	(0.043)	(0.043)	(0.043)	(0.048)
Babyboomer	0.101^**	0.120^***	0.124^***	0.104^**
	(0.039)	(0.040)	(0.042)	(0.042)
Constant	-5.927^**	-6.745^**	-6.814^**	-6.514^**
	(2.673)	(2.693)	(2.704)	(2.731)

Observations	225	225	225	217
R²	0.662	0.668	0.668	0.695
Adjusted R²	0.632	0.637	0.635	0.662
Residual Std. Error	1.209 (df = 206)	1.202 (df = 205)	1.205 (df = 204)	1.169 (df = 195)
F Statistic	22.408^*** (df = 18; 206)	21.664^*** (df = 19; 205)	20.504^*** (df = 20; 204)	21.165^*** (df = 21; 195)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01

Highly Active Venture Density

DV: Highly Active Venture Density
IV: FCC Broadband availability, MS Broadband, ACS Broadband Subscription, M-Lab Broadband Usage
Control: Rurality, Industry structure, Education, Age

**Highly Active Venture Density Regression Results**

	Dependent variable:

	Highly Active Venture Density
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

FCC Broadband Availability	-0.017	-0.064	-0.054	-0.044
	(0.076)	(0.080)	(0.080)	(0.082)
MS Broadband		0.372^*	0.478^**	0.496^*
		(0.201)	(0.219)	(0.267)
ACS Broadband Sub			-0.003	-0.003
			(0.003)	(0.003)
M-Lab Broadband				-0.121
				(0.232)
Rurality Index (2010)	-0.091	0.078	0.071	0.208
	(0.408)	(0.415)	(0.415)	(0.426)
Agriculture	-0.005	-0.005	-0.003	-0.004
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Construction	0.013	0.012	0.013^*	0.017^**
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Wholesale	0.007	0.006	0.007	0.015
	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)
Retail	0.018^**	0.017^**	0.017^**	0.016^*
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Transportation	0.005	0.005	0.006	0.005
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)
IT	0.018	0.016	0.015	0.022
	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.027)
Finance	-0.004	-0.007	-0.005	-0.009
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.016)
Professional	0.031^***	0.026^**	0.025^**	0.027^**
	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)
Education	-0.012^**	-0.011^**	-0.011^**	-0.010^*
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Other occupation	0.006	0.006	0.006	0.009
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
Public	-0.003	-0.004	-0.003	-0.001
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Highschool	-0.009^***	-0.009^***	-0.008^**	-0.007^*
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
College	0.040^***	0.037^***	0.038^***	0.039^***
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Millenials	0.007	0.008	0.008	0.007
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
GenX	0.024^***	0.025^***	0.024^***	0.023^**
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.010)
Babyboomer	0.029^***	0.033^***	0.030^***	0.027^***
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)
Constant	-0.989^*	-1.158^**	-1.115^*	-1.221^**
	(0.569)	(0.573)	(0.574)	(0.594)

Observations	227	227	227	219
R²	0.700	0.705	0.707	0.721
Adjusted R²	0.674	0.678	0.679	0.691
Residual Std. Error	0.258 (df = 208)	0.256 (df = 207)	0.256 (df = 206)	0.254 (df = 197)
F Statistic	27.013^*** (df = 18; 208)	26.072^*** (df = 19; 207)	24.891^*** (df = 20; 206)	24.183^*** (df = 21; 197)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01

Models with Proprietor/Nonemp as IV

Below, I explore regression models that consider proprietors share or nonemployer establishments as independent variables representing overall industry characteristics of the county. Dependent variables are venture density measures as representations of entrepreneurial activities online.

DV: Venture Density, Highly Active Venture Density
IV: Nonfarm Proprietor Share, Nonemployer, FCC Broadband availability, MS, ACS, M-Lab
Control: Rurality, Education, Age


	Dependent variable:

	Venture Density
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

Nonfarm Proprietor (%)	2.043	1.828	2.052	2.871^*
	(1.673)	(1.693)	(1.716)	(1.724)
Nonfarm Nonemployer		-0.00000	-0.00000	-0.00000
		(0.00000)	(0.00000)	(0.00000)
FCC Broadband Availability			-0.049	-0.088
			(0.374)	(0.378)
MS Broadband			1.604	2.018
			(0.976)	(1.263)
ACS Broadband Subs				0.003
				(0.012)
M-Lab Broadband Use				-1.019
				(1.073)
Rurality Index (2010)	-1.261	-2.569	-0.726	-0.346
	(1.858)	(2.420)	(2.636)	(2.672)
Agriculture	-0.007	-0.0003	-0.002	-0.011
	(0.019)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(0.023)
Construction	0.052	0.054	0.051	0.074^*
	(0.037)	(0.037)	(0.039)	(0.041)
Wholesale	-0.039	-0.036	-0.031	0.007
	(0.082)	(0.082)	(0.085)	(0.085)
Retail	0.052	0.052	0.059	0.044
	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.039)	(0.039)
Transportation	0.014	0.018	0.029	0.013
	(0.040)	(0.040)	(0.041)	(0.041)
IT	0.132	0.125	0.110	0.184
	(0.112)	(0.112)	(0.114)	(0.124)
Finance	0.084	0.088	0.070	-0.001
	(0.057)	(0.057)	(0.059)	(0.072)
Professional	0.105^**	0.106^**	0.091^*	0.094^*
	(0.050)	(0.050)	(0.053)	(0.053)
Education	-0.043^*	-0.044^*	-0.039	-0.036
	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.024)	(0.025)
Other occupation	-0.045	-0.042	-0.053	-0.054
	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.059)	(0.058)
Public	-0.013	-0.007	-0.015	-0.004
	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.036)	(0.037)
Highschool	-0.029^*	-0.032^**	-0.034^**	-0.028
	(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.017)	(0.017)
College	0.150^***	0.154^***	0.141^***	0.139^***
	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.021)	(0.022)
Millenials	0.032	0.031	0.038	0.025
	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.036)	(0.035)
GenX	0.147^***	0.147^***	0.159^***	0.146^***
	(0.042)	(0.042)	(0.043)	(0.048)
Babyboomer	0.085^**	0.093^**	0.109^**	0.087^*
	(0.039)	(0.040)	(0.042)	(0.044)
Constant	-4.750^*	-4.146	-5.818^**	-5.434^*
	(2.557)	(2.657)	(2.899)	(2.936)

Observations	230	230	225	217
R²	0.661	0.662	0.670	0.700
Adjusted R²	0.632	0.631	0.636	0.664
Residual Std. Error	1.201 (df = 211)	1.202 (df = 210)	1.203 (df = 203)	1.166 (df = 193)
F Statistic	22.830^*** (df = 18; 211)	21.636^*** (df = 19; 210)	19.659^*** (df = 21; 203)	19.560^*** (df = 23; 193)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01

MS Broadband Availability

DV: Venture Density, Highly Active VD, Change in Nonfarm Proprietor Share (2012-2018)
IV: MS Broadband
Control: Rurality, Education, Age


	Dependent variable:

	Highly Active Venture Density
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

Nonfarm Proprietor (%)	0.696^*	0.682^*	0.744^**	0.839^**
	(0.355)	(0.360)	(0.362)	(0.371)
Nonfarm Nonemployer		-0.00000	0.00000	0.00000
		(0.00000)	(0.00000)	(0.00000)
FCC Broadband Availability			-0.062	-0.038
			(0.079)	(0.082)
MS Broadband			0.356^*	0.482^*
			(0.205)	(0.268)
ACS Broadband Subs				-0.003
				(0.003)
M-Lab Broadband Use				-0.144
				(0.230)
Rurality Index (2010)	-0.142	-0.225	0.171	0.446
	(0.395)	(0.513)	(0.553)	(0.573)
Agriculture	-0.006	-0.006	-0.007	-0.007
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Construction	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.012
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Wholesale	-0.003	-0.003	0.0001	0.008
	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)
Retail	0.011	0.011	0.015^*	0.013
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)
Transportation	0.001	0.002	0.003	0.003
	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)
IT	0.018	0.018	0.010	0.014
	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.027)
Finance	-0.002	-0.001	-0.005	-0.007
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.015)
Professional	0.027^**	0.027^**	0.024^**	0.024^**
	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)
Education	-0.013^***	-0.013^***	-0.012^**	-0.012^**
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Other occupation	0.001	0.001	-0.002	-0.0001
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
Public	-0.006	-0.006	-0.006	-0.004
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Highschool	-0.008^**	-0.009^**	-0.009^***	-0.007^*
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
College	0.037^***	0.037^***	0.035^***	0.037^***
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Millenials	0.009	0.009	0.010	0.009
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
GenX	0.020^**	0.021^**	0.023^**	0.019^*
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.010)
Babyboomer	0.025^***	0.026^***	0.028^***	0.021^**
	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)
Constant	-0.752	-0.714	-1.011^*	-1.101^*
	(0.545)	(0.567)	(0.611)	(0.634)

Observations	232	232	227	219
R²	0.698	0.698	0.711	0.728
Adjusted R²	0.673	0.671	0.682	0.696
Residual Std. Error	0.257 (df = 213)	0.257 (df = 212)	0.255 (df = 205)	0.252 (df = 195)
F Statistic	27.370^*** (df = 18; 213)	25.819^*** (df = 19; 212)	24.048^*** (df = 21; 205)	22.653^*** (df = 23; 195)

Note:	p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01